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Subak - Bali Traditional Irrigation System To understand the cooperative Subak organization some general information about Balinese values and social organization is essential fist. The Balinese are a race united through cultural organizations, strengthened by shared customs, religion and language. Their culture also varies from one district to another in accordance with the three factors of place, time and situation. The values system of Balinese is in accordance with the teaching of the Hindu religion, bound by the law of Karma and the philosophy called Tri Hita Karana.This law maintains that three are three elements in the quest for happiness and that there must be a balance between the three: Almighty Good, humanity and God’s creation-this world which is the habitat of mankind. In other to preserve and increase humanity’s well being, the Balinese try to maintain a balance between these three elements: being conscious that humanity is God’s creation and that the natural environment provides a living hood and is a blessing from God, mankind must conserve the environment and thank God for all the benefit of creation and the gift of wellbeing. These beliefs form the basic of social interaction amongst the Balinese and encourage them to preserve and care for the whole ecological system. Belief in the law of Karma is another form of control so that people restrain themselves from doing evil and try to do good both as individuals and as member of their community. These ideas and values have given birth to a way of behaving and customs which have been handed down from generation to generation in Bali. Consequently certain traditional organizations have emerged as social units such as the village (desa), the neighborhood (banjar) and the irrigation society (Subak).
The Subak has a certain laws or rules which regulate the mutual livelihoods of its members. These are based on the Tri Hita Karana philosophy outlined above. If anyone breaks these rules traditional and religious sanctions are invoked. The sanctions against anyone breaking the rules are intended to restore harmony between the material and spirit worlds. An offender can be made democratically by the majority. Like many organizations, the Subak has a number of office holders consisting of: Sedahan Agung (chief controller), other controllers, the Pekaseh and the Klian (chief of village) as well as the ordinary members of the Subak who own land. The Sedahan (controllers) are decided by the government and lesser officials are appointed by the members of the Subak. The tasks and responsibilities of those appointed are quite heavy. However these officials are paid by the Subak. The system of distributing water to the rice fields is as follow: Each unit of sawah (called a cutak or petak) which measures around 35 are or a little less than one acre receives one teltel of water (the water from a 3 x 3 x 3 cm water channel flowing continuously). The larger area of land, the greater the amount of water. The existence of the Subak, although it is a traditional form of organization, is and will remain relevant in Bali. This is because of the high degree of cooperation which exists amongst its members, and because all feel comfortable and fair. |
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The Subak is an independent organization aimed to ensure that the distribution of water is made equitably. No farm must be given more or less than their fair share. The equal distribution of water is not done through modern equipment but can be arranged because of the spirit of solidarity and a high level of tolerance and mutual responsibility, despite there being only very simple means to share out the water. The spirit of cooperation (gotong royong) is clearly done in this traditional irrigation system.