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Which one did came first, the Balinese barong or the Chinese lion dance? This Question often arises from curious visitors, learning that the Balinese barong is not far different from – and yet as equally cultivated as – its Chinese counterpart. As if both popular performances were established by two different communities not too far apart and during the same period. As the barong is the most attended dance performance on the island, so people can easily recognize their similarity. But how could these tow different communities separated by thousands of miles, later share similar color and value? The following story explains. When the Chinese-Mongolian emperor Kubilai Khan failed to capture the archipelago by the end of the 13th century, ending in a disappointing mission where over half of their 20,000 soldier army were killed by the small Javanese army, the thought that the vast collection of islands might be controlled by means of a social legacy. The emperor meant to lure the aristocrats by sending beauties to be adopted as royal concubines. An inamorata crusade that again failed politically but it gained huge social influence in the following centuries.
The fact that many became first ladies among the royalty proved that the campaign was partially a success. The “imported” wives became a significant influence because they were “exceptionally beautiful”. Not surprising! They were accompanied by top beauticians along with advance developments in body care. Fortunately, the Chinese tradition of Buddhism and Confucian were in line with the existing local Hindu and Buddhist kingdom. So the assimilation went smoothly as if such “strange” performance were a genuine local tradition. The adoption of Chinese value was boosted, therefore, by the fact that many of the royal family are of Chinese descendant. Not wonder no one knows, especially today, which one come first, the Chinese or the Balinese barong, as Chinese traditions mingled unnoticeably. Anyone closely watching the many Balinese ritual ceremonies will find another phenomenon; the old Chinese coin. So influential are such coins in a ceremony that, for example, a cremation won’t be started until a complete set of such coins are provided among the offerings. You will argue that no Indian Hindu include a Chinese coin as among its ritual itinerary. Unfortunately Java soon fell to Islam, oddly led by a Chinese prince-by-blood, Raden Fatah, overthrowing his father’s Hindu archipelago-wide empire, Majapahit, by the end of the 15 century. This was then the end of the Hindu – Chinese mixed tradition all across the archipelago, except for Bali, the only island that remained Hindu amidst the spread of Island, including the island’s nearest neighbors, Java and Lombok. The remaining Hindu aristocrats and priest fled Java, continuing their Hindu (and Chinese) tradition until today on Bali (and a small portion of Hindu community in Tengger, near Mt.Bromo in East Java). So you see, there is no place (in Indonesia) like Bali where the Chinese culture integrated so smoothly as to look like a legacy of the centuries old tradition, instead of an imported practice. Another piece of evidence of this relationship is the fact that today’s Balinese members of the aristocrat family, those bearing titled names like Anak Agung, Cokorda and Gusti, have lightened skin tone due to the past DNA mixture, so were members of Javanese royal highness. Uniquely, Balinese also own its own Chinese style barong, the barong Landung. Literally meaning tall barongs, the performance is made especially with strong Chinese colors. This phenomenon is likely to suggest that the regular barong is the original, while the later the copy version. It’s getting more complex.
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As the emperor sent his ‘Cleopatra’s’, he also dispatched a group of the finest beauticians, masseuses, artists, dancers and musicians to accompany the courtesans. In sort, they wanted to educate the local kings that the Chinese culture and traditions are the highest in the world and thus deserved respect and political tribute.