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Bali Agriculture

The island of Bali is comprised of eight different regencies and each of these regions helps makes Bali the magical place that it is. There are the regions that are famous for crafts and culture, and regions that are famous for agriculture, region such as Jembarana where fruit, vanilla and cocoa trees flourish, and the cooler areas of Bedugul and Kintamani where vegetables thrive. The regency of Tabanan is famous for its rice fields and its history of rice cultivating culture. There really is a ‘culture’ behind rice growing. It is part of the everyday life, a social force.

One can not discuss Bali and rice agriculture without mentioning subak, an organization of local farmers who help to control and govern the rice fields. Their primary role is to ensure that the water is distributed equally to each farmers land. The rice fields are watered by a complex irrigation system. Those who have been in Bali may have seen the majestic paddies, but what may not be seen is the complex irrigation system that has been set up. Water routed to each rice paddy through aqueducts, underground canals and culverts, small dams, and through tunnels that run within solid rock hillsides. It is the subak that maintains and governs this water system.

In the organization of subak, both men and women manage different aspects of rice cultivation, much like the traditional social structure or traditional village life where men and women have different roles. It is the banjar (the villages governing body) and the subak that govern the economic, social and spiritual aspects of the farmers’ everyday lives.

Of course, with this complex irrigation system, the cultivating and the harvesting, agricultural tools are needed. As times have changed, these agricultural tools have changed also. While one there was a buffalo that drew the man-made plough, there is now a machine-made plough with an engine and in some cases a small tractor. The culverts that helped to direct the water for the irrigation system, known as kluwung, were made from a hollow betel tree. Though it does seem that some of the tools are still similar like the hoe, tembuh, that is still used to dig and turn the soil, but now it is probably made in a factory and not by hand as it once was. Other tools are also still used, such as the sorok, or spade, used to clear weeds, the penampad, a long knife, and of course, the sickle, celuk, used for cutting long grass, that we see many holding as we travel through the villages. Since growing rice is such a significant part of everyday life, there were tools that assisted each aspect of the planting and the harvesting, and in fact where was even a tool called kepuakan , “noisy bamboo” that helped to protect the rice from birds. During the harvesting of the rice, you can see many of the different tools being used. The anggapan cuts the rice, the sanan is a long wooden implement used to cary rice sheaves (stalks) on the shoulder once the are cut and then brought to granary. This process is called negen. Actually, negen is the method that the man use the carry the rice stalks, while nyuwun, the carrying of the rice on a bamboo plate on the head, is the method used by women. The rice stalks that are being carried will be brought to the lumbung, the granary, where the rice is stored and dried, nyemuh, and brought out to be threshed, nebuk. Often when driving trough Bali you can see the rice (already threshed) being dried along the side of the road. Once they has been threshed it is either stored to be eaten, or sent of to be sold in the markets.

The process of growing and harvesting rice is a big part of the everyday life cycle. Before rice is planted, the Balinese calendar is consulted to see which days are suitable. At the start of the planting the fields are hoed then flooded with just enough water, and then ploughed. The small green rice plants (resembling blades of green grass) are planted into the newly ploughed land. These small plants have been started as seeds in an area the paddy. As the rice grows, the rituals that have been mentioned before may take palace, and as many who have been to Bali have seen, cloth strips or other objects are strung up to chase away hungry birds. The rice grows for approximately three to four months thought, with the increase in building some of these rice fields are slowly disappearing. Though if you travel to Tabanan you will still be able to see the magnificent rice paddies that Bali is famous for and you may also be able to see some of the traditional agricultural tools that were once used. For those who like to learn more about tools and the subak, Museum Subak in Tabanan has a wonderful display of tools and goes into a little more depth about the subak system.

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